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       Passive Solar Design

Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces by exposure to the sun. When sunlight strikes a building, the building materials can reflect, transmit, or absorb the solar radiation. In addition, the heat produced by the sun causes air movement that can be predictable in designed spaces. These basic responses to solar heat lead to design elements, material choices and placements that can provide heating and cooling effects in a home.

Unlike active solar heating systems, passive systems are simple and do not involve substantial use of mechanical and electrical devices, such as pumps, fans, or electrical controls to move the solar energy.

Passive Solar Design Basics

A complete passive solar design has five elements

·         Aperture/Collector: The large glass area through which sunlight enters the 

building. The aperture(s) should face within 30 degrees of true south and should

 not be shaded by other buildings or trees from 9a.m. to 3p.m. daily during the

 heating season.

·         Absorber: The hard, darkened surface of the storage element. The surface, 

which could be a masonry wall, floor, or water container, sits in the direct path of 

sunlight. Sunlight hitting the surface is absorbed as heat

.

·         Thermal mass: Materials that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight.

 While the absorber is an exposed surface, the thermal mass is the material below 

and behind this surface

.

·         Distribution: Method by which solar heat circulates from the collection and

 storage points to different areas of the house. A strictly passive design will use

 the three natural heat transfer modes- conduction, convection and radiation- 

exclusively. In some applications, fans, ducts and blowers may be used to 

distribute the heat through the house.

·         Control: Roof overhangs can be used to shade the aperture area during 

summer months. Other elements that control under and/or overheating include 

electronic sensing devices, such as a differential thermostat that signals a fan to 

turn on; operable vents and dampers that allow or restrict heat flow; low-

emissivity blinds; and awnings.

Passive Solar Heating

The goal of passive solar heating systems is to capture the sun’s heat within the building’s elements and to release that heat during periods when the sun is absent, while also maintaining a comfortable room temperature. The two primary elements of passive solar heating are south facing glass and thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat. 

Passive Solar Cooling

Passive solar cooling systems work by reducing unwanted heat gain during the day, producing non-mechanical ventilation, exchanging warm interior air for cooler exterior air when possible, and storing the coolness of the night to moderate warm daytime temperatures. At their simplest, passive solar cooling systems include overhangs or shades on south facing windows, shade trees, thermal mass and cross ventilation.